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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
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Bacterial Phylum Tenericutes01:24

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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...
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The phylum Bacteroidota includes over 700 species classified into four primary orders: Bacteroidales, Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales. These gram-negative, non-sporulating rods exhibit saccharolytic capabilities and can be aerobic or fermentative, encompassing obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, and obligate anaerobes. Many species display gliding motility, though some are nonmotile or use flagella. The genus Bacteroides is well-studied due to its significant role in...
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Planctomycetes are a group of morphologically distinct bacteria predominantly classified into two orders: Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. These gram-negative bacteria exhibit unique features, including division by budding and the presence of stalks or appendages. Their cells are often found in rosette arrangements, and they are notable for possessing an S-layer in their cell envelope, which is relatively uncommon among bacteria. Additionally, Planctomycetes frequently exhibit intracellular...
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Classification is the process of organizing organisms into hierarchically inclusive groups based on their phenotypic similarities or evolutionary relationships. A species comprises one or more strains, and closely related species are grouped into genera. Genera are further classified into families, families into orders, orders into classes, and so forth, up to the domain level, which is the broadest taxonomic rank derived from a combination of phenotypic and genotypic data.The nomenclature of...
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Pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus.

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    |March 14, 2022
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The citriculus mealybug (Pseudococcus cryptus) is a polyphagous pest not currently in the EU but poses a significant risk to citrus and ornamental plants. Its establishment could impact EU agriculture, necessitating phytosanitary measures.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Plant Health
    • Entomology
    • Pest Risk Analysis

    Background:

    • Pseudococcus cryptus, the citriculus mealybug, originates from Southeast Asia and is established in East Africa, the Middle East, and South America.
    • This polyphagous pest targets over 90 genera, with a notable preference for citrus and palms.
    • It is a significant pest in Japan and the Middle East, impacting citrus production.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform a pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus for the European Union (EU).
    • To assess the potential risk Pseudococcus cryptus poses to the EU.
    • To determine if Pseudococcus cryptus meets criteria for a potential Union quarantine pest.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature and data on Pseudococcus cryptus biology, distribution, and impact.
    • Assessment of potential entry pathways into the EU, including plants for planting, fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers.
    • Evaluation of climatic conditions in EU member states conducive to pest establishment.

    Main Results:

    • Pseudococcus cryptus is not currently known to occur in the EU, with a single past record in 2006.
    • The pest has a high reproductive rate with six overlapping generations annually and a wide host range.
    • Climatic conditions in Mediterranean EU states are favorable for establishment, posing an economic risk to citrus and ornamental plants.

    Conclusions:

    • Pseudococcus cryptus meets the criteria for assessment as a potential Union quarantine pest.
    • Introduction of this pest could lead to reduced crop yield and quality, particularly for citrus.
    • Phytosanitary measures are crucial to mitigate the risk of entry and spread within the EU.