The psychophysiology of the sigh: I: The sigh from the physiological perspective

Breathing is composed of multiple, distinct behaviors that are bidirectionally regulated through autonomic and voluntary mechanisms. One behavioral component is the sigh, which serves distinct physiological and psychological roles. In two accompanying reviews we will discuss these roles. The present review focuses on the physiological function, where sighs play a critical role in controlling lung compliance by preventing the collapse of alveoli. Implicated in the generation of sighs and normal breathing is the preBötzinger Complex, a rhythmogenic network in the medulla. Although sighs and normal inspiration are generated within the same network, they show distinct temporal characteristics. While sighs occur every few minutes, normal breathing is generated in the range of seconds. Both are differentiated by distinct modulatory and synaptic mechanisms, and recent evidence indicates that these mechanisms are regulated by inputs from different regions of the brain. An important modulator of sighs is hypoxia, implicating sighs in the arousal response.