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Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses
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Pathways to paternal care in primates.

Stacy Rosenbaum1, Joan B Silk2,3

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Evolutionary Anthropology
|March 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male care evolves when mating opportunities are limited and paternal investment benefits fitness. Diverse primate examples show multiple evolutionary paths, complicating early human ancestor studies.

Keywords:
allomaternal carekin discriminationparental caresexual selectionsocial behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Primate behavioral ecology
  • Evolutionary anthropology
  • Paternal care studies

Background:

  • Natural selection favors male care under specific conditions: limited mating options, ability to invest in offspring, and fitness benefits from care.
  • While pair-bonding facilitates male care, it's not a prerequisite; extended breeding bonds and paternal care exist across diverse primate social systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence of paternal care and extended breeding bonds in various primate species.
  • To explore the multiple pathways through which conditions favoring male care can emerge.
  • To assess the challenges in inferring early hominin male care from limited fossil evidence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data on paternal care and breeding bonds in selected primate species (owl monkeys, baboons, Assamese macaques, gorillas, chimpanzees).
  • Analysis across diverse social/mating systems and ecological contexts.
  • Comparative approach to understand evolutionary patterns.

Main Results:

  • Paternal care and extended breeding bonds are observed in species with varying social structures and ecologies.
  • Evidence suggests multiple evolutionary routes to conditions conducive to male care.
  • The diversity of these pathways complicates direct inferences about early hominin evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of male care and extended breeding bonds in primates is multifaceted.
  • Relying on single fossil traits to reconstruct early hominin behavior is problematic due to this diversity.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the specific data requirements for understanding primate paternal care evolution.