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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Cerebral Cortex Changes in Basketball Players.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Elite athletes exhibit sport-specific brain structural and functional changes.
  • Previous manual MRI analysis of basketball players showed no difference in total cerebellar volume but increased striatum and cerebellar lobule volumes.
  • Automatic analysis tools were used to investigate cerebral cortical plasticity in basketball players.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cerebral cortical plasticity in elite basketball players using automated MRI analysis.
  • To identify specific brain regions affected by the demands of professional basketball.

Main Methods:

  • Brain MRI data from 19 male university basketball players and 20 controls were analyzed.
  • Automated MRI techniques, including voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM), were employed.
  • Fractal dimensional analysis was used to assess changes in cortical complexity.

Main Results:

  • VBM indicated increased gray and white matter in precentral gyri and paracentral lobules, and gray matter in the right anterior superior temporal gyrus.
  • SBM revealed left-dominant increases in pericentral gyri.
  • Fractal analysis showed increased area in precentral gyri, left subcallosal gyrus, and right posterior cingulate gyrus.

Conclusions:

  • Elite basketball players exhibit plastic changes in precentral gyri, pericentral areas, paracentral lobules, and the right superior temporal gyrus.
  • Significant increases in fractal complexity were observed in the precentral gyri, with weaker increases in the posterior cingulate and collateral gyri.
  • These identified plastic brain regions are functionally linked to the neuroanatomical demands of basketball competence.