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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

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Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Bullying02:04

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A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
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The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Gender differences in aggression: A multiplicative function of outward anger expression.

Dahyeon Kim1, Qimin Liu1,2, Phillip J Quartana3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.

Aggressive Behavior
|March 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Men exhibit disproportionately more aggression than women, especially when they express anger outwardly. This multiplicative effect, rather than an additive one, highlights the complex interplay between gender and anger expression in aggression.

Keywords:
aggressionanger-outgender differencemultiplicative model

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Aggression Research

Background:

  • Outward anger expression (anger-out) correlates with increased aggression.
  • Men generally display higher aggression levels than women.
  • The combined effects of multiple aggression predictors are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between gender, anger-out, and reactive aggression.
  • To determine if gender and anger-out effects on aggression are additive or multiplicative.

Main Methods:

  • 203 undergraduate students participated.
  • Participants engaged in a competitive task measuring aggression via white noise burst intensity.
  • A multiplicative model was compared against an additive interaction model for data fit.

Main Results:

  • The multiplicative model provided a better fit for the data than the additive model.
  • Men showed proportionally higher aggression than women across similar levels of anger-out.
  • This indicates a multiplicative, not merely additive, interaction between gender and anger-out.

Conclusions:

  • Aggression is influenced by a multiplicative interaction between gender and anger-out.
  • Future research and interventions for aggression should account for these combined effects.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for effective aggression management and treatment.