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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

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Management of Functional Vision Disorders.

Ragini Phansalkar1, A Juliana Lockman2, Surbhi Bansal3

  • 1School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|March 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes functional vision disorder (FVD) management. Most patients improve with reassurance, education, and follow-up, but other therapies exist for difficult cases.

Keywords:
Functional neurological disorderFunctional vision disorderMental healthReassurance

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Functional vision disorder (FVD) affects both adults and children.
  • Psychosocial stressors are prevalent among FVD patients.
  • Epidemiology and diagnosis of FVD are well-described.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current management approaches for functional vision disorder (FVD).

Main Methods:

  • Review of retrospective studies and case reports on FVD.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes and psychosocial factors.

Main Results:

  • Conservative management (reassurance, education, follow-up) is the primary treatment.
  • Limited evidence supports specific treatment modalities.
  • Psychotherapy, hypnosis, and TMS are highlighted in case reports for specific situations.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of FVD patients improve with conservative management.
  • Referral for mental health care can be considered for refractory cases.
  • Further research is needed to support evidence-based treatment modalities for FVD.