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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Small Molecules Modulate Liquid-to-Solid Transitions in Phase-Separated Tau Condensates.

Sagun Jonchhe1, Wei Pan1, Pravin Pokhrel1

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The liquid-to-solid transition in Tau protein condensates, linked to Alzheimer's disease, is influenced by anion solvation energy and molecular functional groups. Charged groups accelerate this transition, while hydrophobic ones inhibit it.

Keywords:
Hofmeister EffectLiquid-Liquid Phase SeparationLiquid-to-Solid TransitionSmall-Molecule ModulationTau Condensates

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Tau protein forms condensates.
  • Liquid-to-solid transitions in these condensates lead to fibril formation, implicated in Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing the liquid-to-solid transition in Tau condensates.
  • To understand the role of molecular interactions, including the Hofmeister effect, in Tau aggregation.

Main Methods:

  • Tracking of contacting Tau-rich droplets using video microscopy.
  • Analysis of small molecule functional groups using a multivariate approach.
  • Assessment of anion solvation energy's effect on transition kinetics.

Main Results:

  • The halftime of the liquid-to-solid transition is modulated by the Hofmeister series, correlating with anion solvation energy.
  • Charged functional groups accelerate the transition, mimicking the Hofmeister effect.
  • Hydrophobic alkyl chains and aromatic rings inhibit the liquid-to-solid transition.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidates the driving forces behind Tau condensate liquid-to-solid transitions.
  • Provides a basis for designing small molecules to modulate Tau aggregation.
  • Offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease by targeting Tau phase transitions.