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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method
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The Initiation of Eukaryotic DNA Replication.

Alessandro Costa1, John F X Diffley2

  • 1Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|March 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA replication initiation is tightly controlled by regulating the loading and activation of the replicative DNA helicase. This study details these crucial steps in eukaryotic cells, focusing on budding yeast.

Keywords:
DNA replicationcell cyclecryo–electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic DNA replication begins at numerous replication origins.
  • Precise genome duplication per cell cycle requires strict control of replication initiation.
  • Regulation of replicative DNA helicase loading and activation are key control points.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism and regulation of DNA helicase loading and activation.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview from genetic, biochemical, and structural viewpoints.
  • To highlight recent advancements using budding yeast proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of replication initiation factors.
  • Biochemical assays to study enzyme activity and interactions.
  • Structural biology techniques to determine protein complex structures.
  • Focus on budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a model system.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the sequential steps in helicase loading.
  • Insights into the regulatory factors controlling helicase activation.
  • Structural data revealing the architecture of key replication initiation complexes.
  • Identification of conserved mechanisms across eukaryotes.

Conclusions:

  • The precise control of DNA helicase loading and activation is essential for genome stability.
  • Budding yeast provides a powerful model for understanding fundamental replication processes.
  • Ongoing research continues to uncover intricate regulatory networks governing DNA replication initiation.