Degradation of Dental Methacrylate-Based Composites in Simulated Clinical Immersion Media

The selection of restorative materials with regard to the longevity and durability of a restoration is of crucial importance for daily dental practice and requires that the degradation of the material in the oral environment can be assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the mechanical properties of four (Esthet X, Ceram X, Filtek Supreme XT, and Filtek Supreme XT flow) resin-based composites (RBCs) alter during storage in saliva substitutes (artificial saliva) for 24 h and 28 days and in the context of simulated, more aggressive clinical conditions, including cycles exposure to de- and remineralization, alcohol, or salivary enzymes. For this purpose, flexural strength and modulus were determined in a three-point bending test (n = 20) followed by Weibull analysis, while quasi-static behavior was evaluated by instrumented indentation techniques. Degradation occurred in all RBCs and all aging protocols and was quantifiable at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The postulated stabilizing effect on degradation through the incorporation of urethane-based co-monomers into the organic matrix or a higher filler loading is refuted. Even though modern RBCs show high clinical survival rates, biodegradation remains an issue that needs to be addressed.