Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Science
• Molecular Biology
• Pathology

Background:

• Atherosclerosis is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading global cause of mortality.
• The disease process involves endothelial activation, lipid accumulation, fibrous tissue formation, calcification, and inflammation, leading to atheroma plaque development.
• These pathological changes result in vessel narrowing and can precipitate cardiovascular complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of atherosclerosis development, from initial endothelial dysfunction to plaque rupture.
• To explore the post-transcriptional regulation of atheroma plaque by microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
• To examine the role of microbiota and the significance of sex as a risk factor in atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on the stages of atherosclerosis.
• Analysis of research on microRNA and lncRNA involvement in atheroma plaque modulation.
• Synthesis of studies investigating the impact of microbiota and sex on atherosclerosis.

Main Results:

• Atherosclerosis progresses through distinct stages, initiated by endothelial dysfunction.
• MicroRNAs and lncRNAs play significant roles in regulating and modulating atheroma plaque formation and progression.
• Microbiota composition and sex differences are critical factors influencing atherosclerosis development and risk.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the multifaceted nature of atherosclerosis, including molecular and environmental factors, is crucial for effective disease management.
• Targeting microRNAs, lncRNAs, and microbiota may offer novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
• Recognizing sex as a key determinant in atherosclerosis risk is essential for personalized prevention and treatment approaches.