Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

950
In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
950
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

1.1K
Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
1.1K
Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

786
Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
786
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

506
Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
506
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

801
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
801
Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

870
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
870

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Service Ready Ambulance Surfaces and Emergency Medical Services Clinicians are Routinely Contaminated with Clinically Important Pathogens.

Prehospital emergency care·2026
Same author

Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Pit Viper Envenomations in the United States and Canada: 2026 Update.

Wilderness & environmental medicine·2026
Same author

Use of Double Sequential External Defibrillation in the United States Before and After the DOSE VF Randomized Clinical Trial.

Prehospital emergency care·2026
Same author

Clinical Features and Antivenom Usage in Northern Cottonmouth (<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i>) Envenomations in Texas.

Wilderness & environmental medicine·2026
Same author

Anaphylaxis to Antivenom in a Patient With Asymptomatic Alpha-Gal IgE Antibodies: A Case Report.

Advanced emergency nursing journal·2026
Same author

Clinical Policy: Critical Issues Related to Harms of Cannabis Exposure in Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department, Cardiovascular Considerations: Approved by ACEP Board of Directors September 4, 2025.

Annals of emergency medicine·2025
Same journal

Complete Response of Merkel Cell Carcinoma to Immunotherapy and Single-Fraction Radiotherapy Following Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review of Immune Mechanism.

The American surgeon·2026
Same journal

Perioperative Acute Myocardial Infarction in Non-Cardiac Operations: A National Analysis.

The American surgeon·2026
Same journal

Outcomes of Completion Cholecystectomy: Association With Patient Comorbidity in a National Database.

The American surgeon·2026
Same journal

Building the Conversation: Editorial Stewardship in Contemporary Surgical Publishing.

The American surgeon·2026
Same journal

Musculoskeletal Pain in Surgeons on Operating Days.

The American surgeon·2026
Same journal

Splenectomy During Cytoreductive Surgery: Marker of Surgical Burden or Independent Predictor of Morbidity?

The American surgeon·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production
05:27

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production

Published on: October 6, 2023

3.3K

Antivenom Does Not Cause Snakebite Complications, Withholding It Does.

Charles J Gerardo1, Andrew W Godfrey1, Spencer Greene2

  • 1Department of Surgery, 12277Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

The American Surgeon
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Fab) antivenom is effective for snakebites, particularly in mild cases. Further US-based cost-effectiveness studies are needed to align with global findings and RCT evidence.

Keywords:
antivenincost-effectivenessoutcomessnake bite

More Related Videos

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

13.3K
Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin
07:38

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Published on: May 6, 2018

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production
05:27

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production

Published on: October 6, 2023

3.3K
Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

13.3K
Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin
07:38

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Published on: May 6, 2018

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • The efficacy of US snake antivenoms, specifically Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Fab), is well-established.
  • A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) confirmed Fab antivenom efficacy using patient-centered outcomes.

Discussion:

  • The retrospective study by Bowden et al. warrants discussion due to potential discordance with existing RCT evidence.
  • While global cost-effectiveness of antivenom is demonstrated, US-specific studies are lacking.

Key Insights:

  • Fab antivenom benefits were observed in a predominantly mildly envenomated population in a time-dependent manner.
  • Patient-reported outcomes and return of functionality are key indicators of antivenom efficacy.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to establish the cost-effectiveness of Fab antivenom in the US.
  • Aligning evidence from retrospective reviews with RCTs is crucial for clinical practice guidelines.