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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging
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Engineering nanobodies for next-generation molecular imaging.

Erpeng Yang1, Qiufang Liu2, Gang Huang1

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China.

Drug Discovery Today
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanobodies are excellent for molecular imaging, especially with PET scans. Engineering strategies for combining nanobodies with radionuclides are key for effective and safe imaging probes.

Keywords:
Bifunctional chelatorsImmunoPETImmunoSPECTNIRFNanobodySortase A

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanobodies are increasingly recognized as superior agents for molecular imaging applications.
  • Combining nanobody specificity with advanced imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) enhances diagnostic capabilities.
  • Modifications to nanobodies significantly impact their pharmacokinetic properties, influencing probe effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various conjugation strategies for engineering nanobodies into effective molecular imaging probes.
  • To summarize recent advancements in nanobody-based imaging tracers for preclinical and clinical use.
  • To discuss the application of nanobodies in near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and image-guided surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of conjugation strategies: random conjugation, 99mTc tricarbonyl chemistry, sortase A-mediated site-specific conjugation, maleimide-cysteine chemistry, and click chemistries.
  • Summary of current nanobody molecular imaging tracers.
  • Exploration of nanobody-based near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and image-guided surgery.

Main Results:

  • Various conjugation strategies enable the engineering of nanobodies for molecular imaging.
  • Nanobody tracers show promise in both preclinical and clinical settings.
  • Nanobody applications extend to NIRF imaging and image-guided surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Effective engineering strategies are crucial for developing reliable and safe nanobody-based molecular imaging probes.
  • Nanobodies represent a versatile platform for advanced molecular imaging and image-guided interventions.
  • Continued research in nanobody conjugation and application will further advance molecular imaging and surgical guidance.