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Updated: Sep 29, 2025

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Cobamide remodeling.

Amy T Ma1, Daniel S Kantner1, Joris Beld1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones
|March 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cobamides, including vitamin B12, have diverse analogs with variable lower ligands. Bacteria remodel imported cobamides using specific enzymes like CbiZ and CbiR to ensure usability.

Keywords:
CbiRCbiZCobSCobalaminCobamide analogsCobamide remodelingPseudocobalaminVitamin B(12)

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Cobamides are essential cofactors, with vitamin B12 being the most recognized.
  • Cobamide analogs differ in their lower ligand structures (benzimidazoles, purines, phenols).
  • Bacterial utilization of cobamide analogs depends on enzyme specificity, with many bacteria capable of remodeling imported cobamides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the diversity of cobamide analogs.
  • To explore three distinct pathways for cobamide remodeling in bacteria.
  • To analyze the substrate specificity of remodeling enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cobamide diversity and remodeling pathways.
  • Analysis of the enzymatic mechanisms of CbiZ, CbiR, and CobS homologs in cobamide remodeling.
  • Comparison of substrate specificities among different remodeling proteins.

Main Results:

  • Cobamide analogs exhibit significant structural diversity based on their lower ligands.
  • Three key enzymatic pathways (CbiZ, CbiR, CobS homologs) facilitate cobamide remodeling.
  • Remodeling enzymes display varied substrate specificities, indicating diverse strategies for cobamide utilization.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial cobamide remodeling is crucial for adapting to diverse cobamide analog availability.
  • Enzyme specificity in remodeling pathways is a key factor in ensuring functional cobamide supply.
  • Understanding these pathways enhances knowledge of microbial metabolism and cofactor biosynthesis.