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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
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Oromandibular Dystonia - A Systematic Review.

Udit Saraf1, Mitesh Chandarana1, K P Divya1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
|March 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a movement disorder with diverse causes leading to significant disability. This review covers OMD

Keywords:
Approachetiologyoromandibular dystonia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Oromandibular Dystonia (OMD)

Background:

  • Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a frequent clinical issue in movement disorder practices.
  • It stems from various genetic and acquired causes.
  • OMD can manifest alone or within broader dystonia syndromes, often causing substantial disability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of Oromandibular dystonia (OMD).
  • To detail the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for OMD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on Oromandibular dystonia (OMD).

Main Results:

  • OMD presents with diverse etiologies and clinical features.
  • Diagnostic approaches vary based on presentation.
  • Management strategies are multifaceted, addressing symptoms and underlying causes.

Conclusions:

  • Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a significant condition requiring thorough understanding.
  • Systematic reviews are crucial for consolidating knowledge on OMD's etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Further research may improve management and patient outcomes for OMD.