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2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development
Published on: March 25, 2022
Huijie Zhao1, Ziam Khan1, Christopher J Westlake1
1Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
Cilia are tiny structures on cell surfaces that help with movement and signaling. The process of making cilia, called ciliogenesis, is complex and involves the assembly of a structure called an axoneme at the end of a centriole. The ciliary membrane then forms around this structure. Membrane trafficking, which is the movement of materials within cells, plays a key role in this process. However, the way membranes organize around microtubules during ciliogenesis is unique. Studies in different cell types suggest that there may not be a single mechanism for starting cilia formation. This review summarizes recent findings on how ciliogenesis works and the role of membrane trafficking in this process. The authors also highlight the relevance of these findings to human disease.
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Area of Science:
Background:
Cilia and flagella are vital cell surface structures involved in motility and signaling. Their formation, known as ciliogenesis, is a multistep process. Prior research has shown that cilia are assembled at centriole ends through axoneme formation. The ciliary membrane then surrounds this structure. Membrane trafficking regulators are known to be involved in organelle biogenesis. However, ciliogenesis presents a unique challenge due to the microtubule-based organization of membranes. No prior work had resolved whether a single mechanism initiates cilia in all cell types. This uncertainty drove the need for a synthesis of current knowledge on ciliogenesis.
Purpose Of The Study:
This review aims to summarize recent findings on ciliogenesis and membrane trafficking. The study addresses the lack of a unified mechanism for initiating cilia assembly. The focus is on how membranes organize around microtubules during this process. The goal is to clarify the roles of trafficking regulators in ciliogenesis. The authors propose that multiple pathways may be involved in different cell types. The review also highlights the relevance of these mechanisms to human disease. The motivation stems from the complexity of ciliary membrane dynamics. The study seeks to integrate findings from diverse experimental models.
Main Methods:
The authors conducted a literature review to synthesize current understanding of ciliogenesis. They analyzed studies on membrane trafficking in ciliary assembly. The review approach included examining mechanisms across different cell types. The focus was on how membranes associate with centriole ends. The authors compared findings from various experimental models. They identified commonalities and differences in ciliogenesis pathways. The synthesis emphasized the role of trafficking regulators in membrane organization. The review approach aimed to clarify the diversity of ciliogenesis mechanisms.
Main Results:
Membrane association with centriole ends is a critical step in ciliogenesis. The axoneme forms at the distal end of the centriole, surrounded by the ciliary membrane. Membrane trafficking regulators are essential for this process. The review found that different cell types may use distinct ciliogenesis mechanisms. The ciliary membrane is organized around microtubule-based structures. Regulators of membrane trafficking play unique roles in this context. The study highlights the lack of a singular mechanism for cilium initiation. The findings suggest that ciliogenesis is more complex than previously thought.
Conclusions:
The review concludes that ciliogenesis involves diverse mechanisms across cell types. Membrane trafficking regulators are essential for organizing the ciliary membrane. The process is unique due to the microtubule-based membrane organization. The authors suggest that no single mechanism initiates cilia in all cells. The findings have implications for understanding human disease. The study emphasizes the need for further research on ciliogenesis pathways. The synthesis supports the idea that multiple regulatory pathways exist. The authors propose that future work should explore these mechanisms in detail.
Membrane trafficking regulators are essential for organizing the ciliary membrane around microtubules.
The ciliary membrane forms around the axoneme at the distal end of the centriole.
Membrane association with the centriole end is a critical initiating step for cilia assembly.
Microtubules provide a scaffold for organizing the ciliary membrane during assembly.
Studies suggest that different cell types may use distinct ciliogenesis mechanisms.
The authors propose that understanding ciliogenesis may provide insights into human disease mechanisms.