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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon01:21

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No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
The minimum speed required to launch a projectile from the surface of an object to which it is gravitationally bound so that it eventually escapes the object’s gravitational field is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object. Merging the idea of escape...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Emission Spectra02:39

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites01:16

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The Moon orbits around the Earth. In turn, the Earth (and other planets) orbit the Sun. The space directly above our atmosphere is filled with artificial satellites in orbit. One can examine the circular orbit, the simplest kind of orbit, to understand the relationship between the speed and the period of planets and satellites with respect to their positions and the bodies that they orbit.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) first suggested that the Earth and all other planets orbit the Sun in...
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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Comet fading begins beyond Saturn.

Nathan A Kaib1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 W. Brooks St., Norman, OK 73019, USA.

Science Advances
|March 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Long-period comets fade during distant passages, leading to missed detections. This study reveals comet evolution occurs much farther from the Sun than previously thought.

Area of Science:

  • * Astronomy and astrophysics
  • * Solar system science

Background:

  • * Long-period comets (LPCs) are most detectable on their initial solar passage.
  • * Comet fading, attributed to thermal processing (devolatilization and fragmentation) near the Sun (2-3 AU), reduces detectability on subsequent returns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate why returning long-period comets are missed by observation campaigns.
  • * To explore the impact of distant solar passages on comet detectability and properties.

Main Methods:

  • * Numerical simulations were employed to model comet behavior and detectability.
  • * The study focused on comet passages through the Saturn region (approximately 10 AU).

Main Results:

  • * Simulations indicate that many returning LPCs are missed because they fade during passages exterior to Saturn (beyond 10 AU).

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  • * Comet fading is shown to occur at solar distances significantly larger than previously assumed.
  • * This distant fading explains the elusiveness of returning LPCs.

    • Conclusions:

    • * Comet properties evolve substantially at greater solar distances than previously considered.
    • * The findings provide new insights into the physical and dynamical characteristics of long-period comets in the outer solar system.
    • * Current comet-observing strategies may underestimate the population of returning long-period comets due to undetected fading in distant regions.