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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

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Overview
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Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants
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Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants

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Programming of Vascular Dysfunction by Maternal Stress: Immune System Implications.

Tiago J Costa1, Júlio Cezar De Oliveira2, Fernanda Regina Giachini3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

Frontiers in Physiology
|April 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Prenatal stress can harm offspring cardiovascular health by altering immune system function. This review explores how maternal stress impacts fetal immune responses, leading to vascular dysfunction and increased cardiovascular disease risk.

Keywords:
DOHaD (developmental origins of health and disease)fetal programmingimmune responsematernal stressreactive oxygen speciesrenin–angiotensin–aldosterone systemtoll like receptorvascular dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Pregnancy insults negatively affect offspring vascular and immune systems.
  • Immune system overactivation is linked to cardiovascular dysfunction and disease.
  • Prenatal stress is a significant factor influencing offspring health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the link between prenatal stress, immune system modulation, and offspring vascular dysfunction.
  • To discuss mechanisms connecting maternal stress to cardiovascular issues in offspring.
  • To highlight the relevance of maternal immune alterations for offspring vascular and immune-mediated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on prenatal stress, immune response, and vascular function.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms linking prenatal stress to offspring vascular dysfunction.
  • Synthesis of evidence on glucocorticoids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal stress can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammatory responses.
  • Mechanisms include Th17 cell activation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system hyperactivation, oxidative stress, neoantigen generation, and TLR4 activation.
  • Maternal stress-induced immune alterations are associated with offspring vascular dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Modulation of the immune system is a key pathway linking prenatal stress to offspring vascular dysfunction.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease in offspring exposed to maternal stress.
  • Prenatal immune alterations have long-term implications for cardiovascular and immune-mediated diseases.