Analysis of relationship between loading condition and cranial cracking pattern using a three-dimensional finite...

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Computational modeling
• Trauma analysis

Background:

• Hairline cranial cracks can result from minor impacts, often seen after falls or collisions.
• Standard finite element analysis struggles to accurately model the specific features of cranial hairline fractures.
• Developing accurate models is crucial for understanding injury mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To reproduce cranial hairline cracks using advanced computational methods.
• To investigate the relationship between loading conditions and crack formation patterns.
• To assess the potential of computational models for analyzing head injuries.

Main Methods:

• Developed a 3D finite element model of the cranium from CT images, including bone layers and sutures.
• Utilized the extended finite element method (X-FEM) integrated with a forming limit diagram (FLD) to simulate fractures.
• Applied 13 distinct loading scenarios with varying directions and magnitudes to the cranial model.

Main Results:

• Simulated numerous small, radially forming cracks at loading points under all conditions.
• Observed larger cracks under specific loading scenarios.
• Found that crack shapes on the top and left cranium correlated with loading directions, unlike those on the back.

Conclusions:

• Extended finite element analysis (X-FEM) with an embedded forming limit diagram (FLD) effectively reproduced cranial hairline cracks.
• Identified specific crack morphologies as potential indicators for estimating impact loading conditions.
• The developed model offers a valuable tool for analyzing cranial trauma and injury biomechanics.