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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

26.2K
Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

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In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
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Chiral exceptional point in transformation cavity.

Sang-Jun Park, Inbo Kim, Sunghwan Rim

    Optics Letters
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    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers created chiral exceptional points (EPs) in gradient-index cavities using conformal transformation optics. This study explores chirality and nonorthogonality near these EPs, offering new insights into non-Hermitian physics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Non-Hermitian Physics
    • Cavity Photonics

    Background:

    • Whispering gallery cavities typically exhibit mirror symmetry.
    • Breaking mirror symmetry in cavities can lead to chiral resonant modes.
    • Chiral exceptional points (EPs) are critical points in parameter space where modes become degenerate and chiral.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the formation of chiral exceptional points (EPs) in gradient-index optical cavities.
    • To explore the role of conformal transformation optics in breaking cavity symmetry.
    • To analyze the unique properties of modes near chiral EPs in such systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Designing a gradient-index cavity using conformal transformation optics.
    • Breaking mirror symmetry solely through the refractive index profile.
    • Constructing a parameter space using coordinate transformation parameters.
    • Analyzing chirality, nonorthogonality, and topology near the chiral EP.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the formation of a chiral EP in a gradient-index cavity.
    • Showcased that mirror symmetry breaking is achieved through the gradient index profile.
    • Unveiled the chirality, nonorthogonality, and complex-square-root topology near the chiral EP.
    • Explained the observed phenomena using a non-Hermitian model Hamiltonian.

    Conclusions:

    • Gradient-index cavities designed via conformal transformation optics can host chiral exceptional points.
    • The study provides a novel scheme for generating chiral EPs without relying on periodic structures.
    • The findings offer a deeper understanding of non-Hermitian physics in optical systems.