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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Sites for measruring blood pressure01:21

Sites for measruring blood pressure

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Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

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Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries.

James S Lin1, Julie Balch Samora2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 700 Children's Drive, T2E- A2700, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.

The Orthopedic Clinics of North America
|April 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) are traction injuries to newborns during delivery. Shoulder dystocia is the primary risk factor, significantly increasing the likelihood of these common birth injuries.

Keywords:
Brachial plexus birth injuryNerve injuryNerve surgeryObstetric brachial plexus palsyPediatrics

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Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neonatal Care

Background:

  • Brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) are traction-related injuries occurring during childbirth.
  • While incidence has decreased, BPBIs remain a concern, with rates stabilizing between 2008-2014.
  • Shoulder dystocia presents a 100-fold increased risk for BPBI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence and risk factors of brachial plexus birth injuries.
  • To highlight the significant role of shoulder dystocia in BPBI development.
  • To discuss other contributing factors and evolving data on risk associations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on BPBI incidence in the United States.
  • Analysis of identified risk factors, including delivery complications and infant characteristics.
  • Examination of current literature and trends in BPBI risk factors.

Main Results:

  • BPBI incidence has declined but remains steady in recent years.
  • Shoulder dystocia is the most significant risk factor for BPBI.
  • Additional risk factors include macrosomia, birth hypoxia, gestational diabetes, and assisted delivery.

Conclusions:

  • BPBIs continue to be a relevant clinical issue in newborn care.
  • Understanding and mitigating risk factors like shoulder dystocia are crucial for prevention.
  • Ongoing research is refining the understanding of various contributing factors to BPBI.