Hirshfeld atom refinement based on projector augmented wave densities with periodic boundary conditions
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
Published on: December 1, 2020
Paul Niklas Ruth1, Regine Herbst-Irmer1, Dietmar Stalke1
1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany.
Abstract:
Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) is an X-ray diffraction refinement method that, in numerous publications, has been shown to give H-atom bond lengths in close agreement with neutron diffraction derived values. Presented here is a first evaluation of an approach using densities derived from projector augmented wave (PAW) densities with three-dimensional periodic boundary conditions for HAR. The results show an improvement over refinements that neglect the crystal environment or treat it classically, while being on a par with non-periodic approximations for treating the solid-state environment quantum mechanically. A suite of functionals were evaluated for this purpose, showing that the SCAN and revSCAN functionals are most suited to these types of calculation.
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