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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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COVID-19 and Inflammatory Markers.

Sevket Balta1, Ilknur Balta2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Hayat Hospital, Malatya, Turkey.

Current Vascular Pharmacology
|April 5, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines well-known and emerging inflammatory markers for managing Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. Understanding these biomarkers aids in diagnosis, treatment response assessment, and risk stratification for COVID-19.

Keywords:
C-reactive proteinCOVID-19biomarkerscytokinesinflammationthrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Immunology
  • Infectious diseases

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) can lead to severe illness, including lung involvement and thrombosis.
  • Inflammatory biomarkers are crucial for managing COVID-19 patients, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation.

Approach:

  • This narrative review categorizes and analyzes recognized and emerging inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19.
  • Key markers discussed include complete blood count, C-reactive protein, cytokines, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and novel markers like asymmetric dimethylarginine and galectin-3.

Key Points:

  • Established inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein and cytokines are vital for COVID-19 patient management.
  • Emerging markers such as asymmetric dimethylarginine, endocan, and galectin-3 offer potential new insights into disease mechanisms and patient outcomes.
  • The review highlights the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of various inflammatory markers in the context of COVID-19.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammatory markers, both traditional and novel, play a significant role in understanding and managing COVID-19.
  • Further research into emerging biomarkers may enhance risk stratification and personalized treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients.