Disrupted long-range gene regulations elucidate shared tissue-specific mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders

Neurological and psychiatric disorders have overlapped phenotypic profiles, but the underlying tissue-specific functional processes remain largely unknown. In this study, we explore the shared tissue-specificity among 14 neuropsychiatric disorders through the disrupted long-range gene regulations by GWAS-identified regulatory SNPs. Through Hi-C interactions, averagely 38.0% and 17.2% of the intergenic regulatory SNPs can be linked to target protein-coding genes in brain and non-brain tissues, respectively. Interestingly, while the regulatory target genes in the brain tend to enrich in nervous system development related processes, those in the non-brain tissues are inclined to interfere with synapse and neuroinflammation related processes. Compared to psychiatric disorders, neurological disorders present more prominently the neuroinflammatory processes in both brain and non-brain tissues, indicating an intrinsic difference in mechanisms. Through tissue-specific gene regulatory networks, we then constructed disorder similarity networks in two brain and three non-brain tissues, highlighting both known disorder clusters (e.g. the neurodevelopmental disorders) and unexpected disorder clusters (e.g. Parkinson's disease is consistently grouped with psychiatric disorders). We showcase the potential pharmaceutical applications of the small bowel and its disorder clusters, illustrated by the known drug targets NR1I3 and NFACT1, and their small bowel-specific regulatory modules. In conclusion, disrupted long-range gene regulations in both brain and non-brain tissues contribute to the similarity among distinct clusters of neuropsychiatric disorders, and the tissue-specifically shared functions and regulators for disease clusters may provide insights for future therapeutic investigations.