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Frictional Force01:07

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When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
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Friction is an essential concept in physics, engineering, and everyday life. It is the force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion between two surfaces in contact. One of the most common types of friction encountered in various applications is dry friction. Dry friction problems can be broadly categorized into three types, each with unique characteristics and challenges.
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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
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One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene Microelectrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording
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Friction of Ti3C2T MXenes.

Peter Serles1, Mahdi Hamidinejad1,2,3, Pedro Guerra Demingos4

  • 1Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada.

Nano Letters
|April 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes exhibit unique nanoscale lubricity, not dependent on layer thickness like other 2D materials. Their friction is governed by surface terminations, with annealing reducing OH groups and friction.

Keywords:
2D materialMXeneTi3C2Txfrictioninterlayerlubricationterminations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Tribology
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials are known for low friction due to atomic-scale surface interactions.
  • MXenes are an emerging class of 2D materials with largely unexplored lubricating properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the friction mechanisms of 2D Titanium carbide (Ti3C2T) MXenes.
  • To understand the role of surface terminations in MXene lubricity.
  • To assess the potential of MXenes as sustainable lubricants.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental friction measurements on 2D Ti3C2T MXenes.
  • Surface termination analysis before and after annealing.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to model friction.
  • Assessment of MXene flake stability in aqueous environments.

Main Results:

  • MXene lubricity is independent of layer thickness, differing from other 2D materials.
  • Friction is primarily controlled by surface termination species, such as hydroxyl (OH) groups.
  • Annealing reduced OH termination by 7%, leading to a 16-57% friction reduction.
  • MXene flakes demonstrated stability when isolated from water.

Conclusions:

  • Surface terminations, not layer thickness, dictate the nanoscale lubricity of 2D MXenes.
  • MXenes offer tunable and sustainable lubrication properties.
  • The findings position MXenes as promising candidates for advanced lubrication applications.