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Related Concept Videos

Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
787
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
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Normative values for ureteral diameter in children.

Kumar K Shashi1, Ted Lee2, Sila Kurugol3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02116, USA. drkumargowda@gmail.com.

Pediatric Radiology
|April 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study establishes normative ureteral diameter values for children using MR urography. The average widest internal ureteral diameter in pediatric patients is 3.8 mm, with variations based on age and sex.

Keywords:
ChildrenDiameterMagnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance urographyNormative valuesUreter

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Urology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Ureteral assessment is crucial for evaluating urinary tract abnormalities like obstruction and reflux.
  • Current imaging practices lack established normative ureteral diameter values for pediatric patients.
  • This deficiency hinders accurate diagnosis and management of pediatric urinary tract conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish age-related normative values for ureteral diameter in pediatric patients.
  • To provide a reference standard for interpreting ureteral dimensions in children.
  • To aid in the diagnosis of conditions causing abnormal ureteral dilation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 121 magnetic resonance (MR) urography studies.
  • Analysis of 160 normal ureter units using specialized imaging software for maximum internal diameter measurement.
  • Calculation of average widest internal ureteral diameter and statistical analysis for age, sex, and laterality associations.

Main Results:

  • Ureteral diameter progressively increases with age, from 3.2 mm in infancy to 5.0 mm in adolescents.
  • After age 9, males exhibit slightly larger ureteral diameters than females (OR=1.91).
  • The right ureter is marginally larger than the left (3.9 mm vs. 3.7 mm).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides normative values for average widest internal ureteral diameter in pediatric patients.
  • A threshold of 3.8 mm is proposed as the average widest internal ureteral diameter for the pediatric population.
  • These findings offer essential reference data for pediatric radiologists and urologists.