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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis.

Almudena Testera-Montes1, Raquel Jurado2, Maria Salas1

  • 1Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.

Frontiers in Allergy
|April 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate diagnosis of chronic rhinitis requires moving beyond atopy tests. New methods like the basophil activation test (BAT) aid in identifying local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and dual allergic rhinitis (DAR) for better treatment.

Keywords:
allergic rhinitischronic rhinitisin vitro testin vivo testinflammatory mediatorrhinitis - diagnosisrhinitis phenotypes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Allergology

Background:

  • Chronic rhinitis significantly impacts quality of life and incurs high indirect costs.
  • Allergic mechanisms are primary drivers of chronic rhinitis.
  • Current diagnostic methods based on atopy tests (skin prick test, serum sIgE) identify sensitization but not necessarily clinical allergy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic utility of various tests for chronic rhinitis.
  • To highlight the limitations of traditional atopy tests.
  • To emphasize the need for accurate etiologic diagnosis for effective management, including allergen immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic tests including skin prick test (SPT), serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE), nasal allergen challenge (NAC), basophil activation test (BAT), olfactory tests, and inflammatory mediator quantification.
  • Discussion of the role of in vivo tests like NAC for diagnosing local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and dual allergic rhinitis (DAR).

Main Results:

  • Atopy tests (SPT, sIgE) indicate sensitization, not always clinical allergy, leading to potential misdiagnosis.
  • Allergic rhinitis (AR) can occur in atopic and non-atopic individuals (LAR), and both can coexist (DAR).
  • Nasal allergen challenge (NAC) is crucial for diagnosing LAR and DAR, while basophil activation test (BAT) shows promise as a patient-friendly alternative.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate etiologic diagnosis of rhinitis is essential for selecting appropriate therapies.
  • Moving beyond simple sensitization tests is necessary for correct diagnosis and management of complex rhinitis phenotypes.
  • Advanced diagnostic approaches, including NAC and BAT, improve the management of chronic rhinitis, potentially guiding allergen immunotherapy.