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Related Concept Videos

Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Sound Intensity00:58

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Sound Intensity Level00:53

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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
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Direct sound printing.

Mohsen Habibi1, Shervin Foroughi1, Vahid Karamzadeh1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasound-activated sonochemical reactions enable novel 3D printing. This Direct Sound Printing (DSP) method creates hotspots for precise material solidification, achieving complex geometries previously impossible.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Conventional additive manufacturing relies on photo- or thermo-activated reactions.
  • These methods have limitations in achieving extreme temperature and pressure conditions.
  • Ultrasound offers a unique approach via sonochemical reactions and cavitation hotspots.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel 3D printing method using focused ultrasound.
  • To achieve high-resolution printing of complex geometries with controlled porosity.
  • To print materials not amenable to current additive manufacturing techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing focused ultrasound to generate acoustic cavitation and localized hotspots.
  • Employing sonochemical reactions for material polymerization and solidification.
  • Developing a Direct Sound Printing (DSP) process for thermoset polymers.

Main Results:

  • Successfully 3D printed complex geometries with feature sizes as small as 280 μm.
  • Achieved controlled porosity, ranging from zero to varying levels.
  • Demonstrated printing of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a heat-curing thermoset, which is challenging for existing methods.
  • Observed sonochemiluminescence and conducted high-speed imaging for process analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Direct Sound Printing (DSP) offers a new additive manufacturing route using ultrasound energy.
  • The method enables the printing of intricate structures with unique properties.
  • DSP expands the range of printable materials, particularly for thermosets.