Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview of central nervous system complications and neuropsychological sequelae

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been associated with a series of central nervous system (CNS) complications, including focal and nonfocal neurological indications. Overall, the most common form of CNS dysfunction is diffuse cerebral atrophy pathologically characterized by neuronal loss, glial nodules, and microfocal demyelination. Consequent neuropsychological deficits present an insidious course initially typified by poor memory and concentration, along with psychomotor retardation and blunted affect which resembles psychological depression. Gradually over several weeks to months, patients exhibit marked global cognitive impairment and can become severely disoriented and delusional. Clinical research relevant to these CNS complications and neuropsychological sequelae are reviewed.