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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

231
Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking01:17

Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking

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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
Factors that increase the likelihood of sleepwalking include sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Contrary to common beliefs, it is safe...
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Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

1.8K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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[Sleep-disordered breathing-Update 2021].

Michael Arzt1

  • 1Centre of Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Deutschland.

Somnologie : Schlafforschung Und Schlafmedizin = Somnology : Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine
|April 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may lower blood pressure but not prevent heart attack or stroke in some sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) patients. New treatments and telemedicine offer improved SDB care.

Keywords:
Mandibular advancement devicesObstructive sleep apneaPositive pressure therapySleepinessTelemedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep medicine
  • Respiratory medicine
  • Cardiovascular medicine

Context:

  • Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) significantly impacts quality of life and prognosis.
  • Recent advancements aim to improve SDB patient care and outcomes.

Purpose:

  • To identify key findings in sleep and respiratory medicine between November 2019 and October 2021 impacting SDB patient care.
  • To summarize the latest evidence on SDB treatments and management.

Summary:

  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce blood pressure in SDB patients, but does not reduce myocardial infarction or stroke risk in asymptomatic individuals.
  • Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are now reimbursable as second-line therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after CPAP.
  • New medications (Solriamfetol, Pitolisant) are approved for residual daytime sleepiness in OSA patients.
  • Telemedicine techniques show promise for long-term SDB management.

Impact:

  • Findings inform clinical practice regarding CPAP efficacy and alternative treatments like MADs.
  • New pharmacologic options address residual symptoms in OSA.
  • Telemedicine integration offers potential for enhanced patient monitoring and accessibility.