Xeroderma Pigmentosum-Associated Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease

Chromosomal breakage syndromes are a group of genetic disorders that are ascribable to the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Xeroderma pigmentosum is one of the chromosomal breakage syndromes which is due to the involvement of deformity in the deoxyribonucleic acid's nucleotide excision repair. Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disorder, which is autosomal recessive, heterogeneous, and more common in cases of consanguinity, caused by mutations in at least 10 genes and 9 complementation groups. The disorder is very rare. Patients experience photophobia and extreme photosensitivity and have pigmentary changes in ultraviolet light-exposed areas of the body with freckling, premalignant, and malignant skin lesions arising in keratinocytes soon after the fleeting exposure to sunlight. Patients are also oversensitive to environmental mutagens such as cigarette smoke and possibly to the widely used agricultural insecticide, diazinon. Progressive neurological abnormalities along with some rare complications are also noticed among these patients. Symptoms and thoracic high-resolution computed tomography are considered for diagnosis. Only corticosteroids can be given to limit the progression of the disease. Xeroderma pigmentosum-related interstitial lung disease is one of the rarest forms and we thereby report an interesting case.