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Related Concept Videos

Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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Associations between Time Processing Ability, Daily Time Management, and Dementia Severity.

Ann-Christine Persson1,2, Gunnel Janeslätt3,4, Lena Dahlberg5,6

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 18288 Stockholm, Sweden.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that impaired time processing ability (TPA) is linked to dementia severity, particularly affecting visuospatial functions. This connection can aid in early detection and developing support strategies for persons with dementia.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseMMSEattentioncognitionelderlymemory assessmenttime managementtime orientationtime perceptionvisuospatial

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Dementia significantly impacts cognitive functions, including time processing ability (TPA) and daily time management (DTM).
  • Understanding the relationship between TPA, DTM, and dementia severity is crucial for clinical assessment and intervention.
  • Visuospatial functions are key components of TPA that may be particularly vulnerable in dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between time processing ability (TPA), daily time management (DTM), and dementia severity.
  • To identify specific cognitive domains, such as visuospatial functions, that correlate with TPA impairments in persons with dementia (PwDs).
  • To explore the relationship between self-rated and proxy-rated DTM and its correlation with dementia severity.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 53 persons with dementia (PwDs) and 49 significant others.
  • Bivariate analyses to examine correlations between TPA, DTM, and dementia severity.
  • Linear regression models to assess the contribution of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) subtests to TPA.

Main Results:

  • Significant correlations were found between TPA and dementia severity, with visuospatial functions showing the strongest association.
  • TPA was significantly correlated with proxy-rated DTM.
  • Proxy-rated DTM demonstrated significant correlations with both dementia severity and PwDs' self-ratings of DTM.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired TPA, especially visuospatial deficits, is associated with dementia severity, suggesting potential for early detection.
  • Objective measures, alongside self- and proxy-ratings, are recommended for comprehensive TPA and DTM assessment in PwDs.
  • Findings support the development of clinical interventions to compensate for TPA deficits and enhance DTM in individuals with dementia.