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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Magnet Assisted Composite Manufacturing: A Flexible New Technique for Achieving High Consolidation Pressure in Vacuum Bag/Lay-Up Processes

Magnet Assisted Composite Manufacturing: A Flexible New Technique for Achieving High Consolidation Pressure in Vacuum Bag/Lay-Up Processes

Published on: May 17, 2018

Sensitive angle-dependent magnetoelectric coupling in cluster-assembled flexible composites.

Ning Jiang¹, Yulong Bai¹, Hengbin An¹

¹Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, & School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|April 12, 2022

Summary

Flexible Nickel-Iron (NiFe) composites offer sensitive angle resolution for magnetoelectric devices. This breakthrough simplifies fabrication and enhances sensitivity for applications like electronic compasses and wearable health trackers.

Keywords:

anisotropic magnetoelastic coupling cluster flexible magnetoelectric composites

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Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Magnet Assisted Composite Manufacturing: A Flexible New Technique for Achieving High Consolidation Pressure in Vacuum Bag/Lay-Up Processes

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Published on: May 17, 2018

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A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Published on: April 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Flexible magnetoelectric (ME) devices are crucial but face challenges in fabrication complexity and sensitivity.
Existing ME devices often require intricate manufacturing processes, limiting their widespread adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a flexible magnetoelectric device with enhanced sensitivity and simplified fabrication.
To investigate the magnetoelectric coupling in NiFe/PVDF composites for potential applications in flexible electronics.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of flexible NiFe anisotropic magnetoelastic composites using a cluster-supersonic expansion method with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrates.
Characterization of the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient, anisotropic magnetoelasticity, and anisotropic magnetoresistance.
Analysis of magnetic torque to confirm anisotropic magnetoelastic traits.

Main Results:

The NiFe/PVDF composites exhibited a sensitive angle-resolution magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of 0.66 μV/deg at room temperature.
Strong anisotropic magnetoelasticity was observed, linked to the short-range ordered cluster structure.
The anisotropic magnetoelastic coefficient was successfully deduced from temperature- and magnetic field-dependent anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements.

Conclusions:

The developed flexible NiFe/PVDF composites demonstrate significant potential for flexible electronic compass applications due to the coupling between piezoelectricity and anisotropic magnetostrictive effects.
These findings pave the way for non-invasive vital biological health tracking using wearable electronic devices.