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Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Impact of Social Context on Individuals01:21

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Social psychology examines how the real or imagined presence of others influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A key concept in this field is the role of social context in shaping behavior. The same individual may act differently depending on the social setting, due to the varying expectations and norms associated with each environment. This context-dependent behavior illustrates the influence of social roles, which prescribe appropriate conduct in specific situations.Social...
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
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Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

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Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
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Conformity01:20

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Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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How do expectations change behavior? Investigating the contributions at encoding versus decision-making.

Syaheed B Jabar1, Daryl Fougnie1

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|April 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Expectations, or priors, influence behavior by affecting both perception encoding and decision-making. This study found priors primarily impact decisions, acting in a Bayesian manner, while minimally affecting perception encoding.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Environmental expectations significantly shape behavior.
  • The precise mechanisms by which expectations influence perception versus decision-making remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct contributions of prior expectations to perceptual encoding and decision-making.
  • To differentiate the effects of priors when presented before encoding versus after a delay.

Main Methods:

  • Manipulating the timing of prior information (prestimulus vs. post-delay).
  • Comparing the influence of priors on encoding into working memory versus decision processes.
  • Analyzing effects on bias and precision at different stages.

Main Results:

  • Priors had a minor impact on perceptual encoding, improving precision without bias.
  • Priors significantly influenced decision-making, exhibiting Bayesian characteristics by inducing bias and improving precision.
  • Distinct mechanisms underlie the effects of priors on encoding and decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Prior expectations influence both perceptual encoding and decision-making, but through separate pathways.
  • Decision-making is more strongly modulated by priors than perceptual encoding.
  • Understanding these distinct mechanisms offers insight into cognitive processing and behavioral control.