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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

806
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

394
Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
18.2K
Solubility03:00

Solubility

18.6K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
18.6K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

34.1K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
34.1K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

411
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts
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Surface interaction between phyllosilicate particles and sustainable polymers in flotation and flocculation.

Nahid Molaei1, Mohammad Shoaib2, John Forster1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada erin.bobicki@utoronto.ca.

RSC Advances
|April 15, 2022
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Summary

Sustainable biopolymers offer eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic reagents for clay particle dispersion and flocculation. Pectin, a polysaccharide, uniquely functions as both a flocculant and dispersant for serpentine clay, depending on pH.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Colloid Chemistry

Background:

  • Synthetic dispersants and flocculants for phyllosilicate clays raise environmental concerns due to non-biodegradability.
  • Industrial applications like water treatment and papermaking seek sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical reagents.
  • Serpentine phyllosilicate suspensions require effective dispersion or flocculation for various processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dispersion and flocculation behavior of sustainable biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides) on serpentine phyllosilicate particles.
  • To evaluate the potential of anionic and cationic biopolymers as environmentally benign replacements for synthetic reagents.
  • To understand the pH-dependent performance of biopolymers in clay suspensions.

Main Methods:

  • Bench-scale tests including zeta potential measurements.
  • Microflotation, settling, and turbidity analyses were conducted.
  • Isotherm adsorption using total organic carbon quantified polymer adsorption.

Main Results:

  • Anionic polysaccharide-based biopolymer, pectin, demonstrated switchable behavior in serpentine suspensions.
  • Pectin efficiently flocculated serpentine clay at pH 7.
  • Pectin effectively dispersed serpentine clay at pH 10.

Conclusions:

  • Sustainable biopolymers, particularly pectin, can serve as effective and environmentally friendly agents for controlling serpentine clay behavior.
  • The pH-tunable properties of pectin offer a novel approach for tailored dispersion and flocculation in industrial applications.
  • This study highlights the potential of biopolymers in green chemistry for mineral processing and environmental remediation.