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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Absorbing phase transitions in systems with mediated interactions.

Romain Mari1, Eric Bertin1, Cesare Nardini2

  • 1Université Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Particle motion in sheared soft materials transitions from reversible to irreversible, exhibiting a unique absorbing phase transition. Mediated interactions create a distinct universality class, differing from conserved directed percolation.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Complex fluids
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Periodically sheared colloidal suspensions and soft amorphous solids exhibit a transition in particle motion.
  • This transition is analyzed stroboscopically and interpreted as an absorbing phase transition with numerous absorbing states.
  • Interactions mediated by hydrodynamics or elasticity influence passive regions based on nearby active regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the universality class of absorbing phase transitions in sheared soft materials.
  • To determine if mediated interactions lead to a distinct universality class.
  • To calculate the critical exponents associated with this transition.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale numerical simulations of a minimal model for stroboscopic dynamics.
  • Analysis of particle motion transition from reversible to irreversible states.
  • Derivation of the minimal field theoretical description.

Main Results:

  • Mediated interactions induce an absorbing phase transition universality class distinct from conserved directed percolation.
  • Critical exponents for this new universality class were obtained.
  • A minimal field theoretical description for the observed dynamics was derived.

Conclusions:

  • The study identifies a novel universality class for absorbing phase transitions in sheared soft materials.
  • Mediated interactions are crucial in defining the critical behavior of these systems.
  • The findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics of soft matter under shear.