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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Published on: February 9, 2021
Medical Treatment and Prevention of Urinary Stone Disease
Kyle Spradling1, Calyani Ganesan2, Simon Conti1
1Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Abstract:
The pathophysiology underlying urinary stone formation remains an area of active investigation. There are many pharmacotherapies aimed at optimizing metabolic factors and reducing urinary supersaturation of stone components that play an important role in urinary stone prevention. In addition, medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones and medical dissolution therapy for uric acid-based urinary stones are helpful treatment tools and are used alongside surgical treatments in the management of urinary stones.
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