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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

2.4K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
2.4K
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

2.3K
Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
2.3K
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

3.6K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
3.6K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

13.8K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
13.8K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

6.2K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
6.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.9K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.9K

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An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
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Hydroxyl radicals in anodic oxidation systems: generation, identification and quantification.

Jiangzhou Xie1, Changyong Zhang2, T David Waite3

  • 1UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Water Research
|April 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Anodic oxidation effectively removes organic pollutants using hydroxyl radicals. This review clarifies hydroxyl radical identification and quantification, addressing challenges in anode materials and reactor design for wastewater treatment.

Keywords:
Anodic oxidationGeneration mechanismHydroxyl radicalsQuantification

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Water Treatment

Background:

  • Anodic oxidation is a key technology for removing organic pollutants from wastewater.
  • Hydroxyl radicals are the main agents responsible for organic pollutant oxidation in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for identifying and quantifying hydroxyl radicals in anodic oxidation.
  • To discuss challenges and recent advancements in understanding hydroxyl radical generation and utilization.
  • To highlight key areas for future development in anodic oxidation technology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hydroxyl radical identification and quantification techniques.
  • Analysis of mechanisms for hydroxyl radical generation at anode surfaces.
  • Examination of hydroxyl radical utilization in electrochemical reactors.

Main Results:

  • Identified common mistakes in hydroxyl radical identification and proposed solutions.
  • Highlighted the need for standardized hydroxyl radical quantification methods.
  • Reviewed progress in anode material development and reactor design for enhanced efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate hydroxyl radical identification and quantification are crucial for reliable anodic oxidation studies.
  • Developing cost-effective, corrosion-resistant anodes with high activity is essential.
  • Optimizing electrochemical reactor design is key to maximizing hydroxyl radical utilization and wastewater treatment efficiency.