Microbial torularhodin - a comprehensive review

The demand for food, feed, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical supplements/additives from natural sources has been rapidly increasing, with expectations for a faster expansion than the growth of the global markets in the coming years. In this framework, a particular interest is given to carotenoids due to their outstanding antioxidant activities, particularly the xanthophylls class. Torularhodin is one of these carotenoids that stands out for its multifunctional role as: antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial, yet its commercial potential is still unexplored. Although most xanthophylls can be naturally found in: microbial, plant and animal sources, torularhodin is only produced by microbial species, especially red oleaginous yeast. The microbial production of xanthophylls has many advantages as compared to other natural sources, such as: the need for low production area, easier extraction, high yields (at optimum operating conditions), and low (or no) seasonal, climatic, and geographic variation dependency. Due to the importance of natural products and their relevance to the market, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the: properties, characteristics and potential health benefits of torularhodin. Moreover, the most promising developments in both upstream and downstream processing to obtain this colorant from microbial sources are considered. For this purpose, the main microorganisms used for torularhodin production are firstly reviewed, including biosynthesis pathway and torularhodin properties. Following, an overall analysis of the processing aspects related with its: extraction, separation and purification is provided. Lastly, current status and future trends of torularhodin-based processes and products such as therapeutic agents or biomaterials are discussed, indicating promising directions toward biorefinery and circular economy.