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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System
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Human amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells.

Pawel Walentowicz1,2, Pawel Sadlecki1,2, Malgorzata Walentowicz-Sadlecka1,3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz 85-168, Poland.

Open Medicine (Warsaw, Poland)
|April 18, 2022
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Summary

Amniotic fluid volume, presence of two cell populations, and season significantly impact amniotic fluid stem cell culture success and passages. Maternal age and gravidity did not significantly affect stem cell yield or growth rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Prenatal Diagnostics

Background:

  • Human amniotic fluid contains a mix of differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
  • Cell properties and numbers vary with gestational age and fetal health.
  • Understanding factors influencing amniotic fluid stem cell (AFSC) cultures is crucial for their therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate maternal, fetal, and environmental factors affecting AFSC culture success.
  • To analyze the impact on the number of human AFSCs (hAFSCs), growth rates, and cell passages.
  • To identify key predictors for successful hAFSC isolation and expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 355 amniocentesis samples collected between 2011-2017.
  • Statistical evaluation of factors including amniotic fluid volume, cell population presence, maternal age, and season.
  • Correlation of these factors with culture success rates, hAFSC yield, and passage number.

Main Results:

  • Amniotic fluid volume (p < 0.01) and the presence of two cell populations (p < 0.01) were highly significant predictors of culture success, especially in women over 40.
  • Culture success correlated with the season of amniocentesis (p < 0.05).
  • Maternal age (p < 0.01) and season (p < 0.01) significantly influenced the number of cell passages, with younger maternal age and specific seasons yielding more passages.

Conclusions:

  • Amniotic fluid volume, presence of dual cell populations, and season are critical for successful hAFSC culture establishment and expansion.
  • Maternal age and gravidity do not significantly impact hAFSC yield or growth rates.
  • Environmental and sample-specific factors are more influential than donor demographics for AFSC culture outcomes.