[State of the Art Diagnostics of the Esophagus]

State of the Art Diagnostics of the Esophagus Abstract. Modern diagnostics of the esophagus is highly technical. It mainly includes endoscopic, radiological, nuclear medicine, functional and electrochemical examinations. Diagnostic tools for esophageal disorders involve esophagogastroduodenoscopies with chromoendoscopy, manometric and pH-impedance catheters as well as radiological techniques, such as CT, MRI or PET-CTs. The patient's history including the main clinical symptoms such as heartburn or dysphagia, and the physical examination will determine the choice and order of subsequent examinations. The esophagogastroduodenoscopy is one of the most important diagnostic tools and has a very low complication rate. During esophagogastroduodenoscopy biopsies, chromoendoscopy or therapeutic interventions can be performed. Endosonography is essential for the staging of esophageal cancer and accuracy can be improved by endosonographically guided biopsies. A CT scan completes the tumor staging and is essential to search for metastases. For motility disorders high resolution manometry is the gold standard which can be supplemented with esophagus barium swallow exams. pH-impedance catheters can be used for diagnosis of reflux. MRI swallow exams are predominantly applied in clinical studies but may be more frequently used in the future.