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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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Eukaryotic Ribosome Biogenesis: The 40S Subunit.

A A Moraleva1, A S Deryabin1, Yu P Rubtsov1

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia.

Acta Naturae
|April 20, 2022
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Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis is complex, with human ribosome assembly being more intricate than yeast. Understanding these differences is crucial for addressing ribosomopathies and cancer.

Keywords:
nucleolusribosome biogenesisribosomopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribosome biogenesis is a fundamental cellular process conserved across eukaryotes.
  • While yeast models provide insights, human ribosome assembly is more complex due to larger structures and regulatory pathways.
  • Ribosome biogenesis factors are essential for accurate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and ribosomal protein integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare key aspects of ribosome biogenesis in yeast and humans, focusing on the 40S ribosomal subunit.
  • To highlight the complexities and differences in human ribosome assembly compared to yeast.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding human ribosome assembly for disease research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on yeast and human ribosome biogenesis.
  • Comparison of mechanisms and factors involved in ribosome assembly.
  • Discussion of genome-wide screening methods like RNA interference for factor identification in humans.

Main Results:

  • Human ribosome biogenesis is significantly more complex than in yeast, involving larger pre-ribosomal particles and intricate regulatory networks.
  • While core mechanisms are conserved, specific differences in human ribosome assembly remain poorly understood due to limitations in characterizing pre-ribosomal complexes.
  • Numerous factors involved in human ribosome biogenesis have been identified through large-scale screening.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding human ribosome assembly is critical for deciphering the etiology of ribosomopathies, genetic disorders caused by defects in ribosome production.
  • Dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis is linked to oncogenic signaling pathways and tumor suppressor activation, suggesting a role in cancer.
  • Further development of methods to study human pre-ribosomal complexes is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of ribosome assembly and its associated diseases.