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Transcription01:10

Transcription

149.8K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
149.8K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.1K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.1K
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

8.7K
Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
8.7K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

23.6K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
23.6K
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

13.9K
Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
13.9K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

9.3K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
9.3K

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Epitranscriptomics: An Additional Regulatory Layer in Plants' Development and Stress Response.

Yasira Shoaib1, Babar Usman1, Hunseung Kang2

  • 1Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Epitranscriptomic modifications like N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulate plant development and stress responses. Engineering specific m6A and m5C sites offers a promising strategy for crop improvement and food security.

Keywords:
biotic and abiotic stressepitranscriptomicsm6Aplant development

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Epigenetics
  • RNA biology

Background:

  • Epitranscriptomics involves over 170 RNA modifications, with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and N5-methylcytidine (m5C) being key internal mRNA modifications.
  • These modifications impact RNA metabolism, including degradation and translation, influencing plant development and stress responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of epitranscriptomic modifications in plant molecular, physiological, and stress responses.
  • To explore epitranscriptome engineering for crop improvement by targeting specific RNA modification sites.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in epitranscriptomics and its application in plants.
  • Discussion of genome-editing technologies for precise modification site editing.

Main Results:

  • m6A regulation impacts plant yield and stress responses, as shown in studies with transgenic rice, potatoes, wheat, and apple.
  • Precise identification of m6A levels at single-base resolution is crucial due to potential unpredictable effects of altering overall m6A levels.

Conclusions:

  • Epitranscriptomic modifications play a significant role in plant biology and stress adaptation.
  • Targeted epitranscriptome engineering holds promise for enhancing crop traits and ensuring food security.