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Production of Antibiotics01:27

Production of Antibiotics

Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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New Aspects Concerning the Ampicillin Photodegradation.

Radu Cercel1, Mirela Paraschiv1, Cristina Stefania Florica1

  • 1National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Bucharest, Romania.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 23, 2022
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Summary

Photodegradation of ampicillin (AM) is accelerated by excipients and alkaline conditions. Spectroscopic methods reveal new compounds formed during AM photodegradation in alkaline environments.

Keywords:
UV-VIS spectroscopyampicillinphotodegradationphotoluminescence

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Ampicillin (AM) is a widely used antibiotic.
  • Understanding its photodegradation (PD) is crucial for drug stability and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate new aspects of ampicillin photodegradation.
  • To elucidate the role of excipients and alkaline media in AM PD.

Main Methods:

  • Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy
  • Raman scattering
  • FTIR spectroscopy
  • UV-VIS spectroscopy

Main Results:

  • UV light exposure caused intensity diminution in PL and PLE spectra.
  • A new IR band at 3450 cm-1 emerged.
  • Photodegradation of AM was amplified by excipients and alkaline medium.
  • Alkaline conditions led to the formation of new compounds, indicated by UV-VIS, IR, and Raman spectral changes.

Conclusions:

  • Excipients and alkaline pH significantly enhance ampicillin photodegradation.
  • Specific spectral changes confirm the formation of new degradation products.
  • A chemical mechanism for AM PD in alkaline media was proposed.