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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

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Indoor Localization Using Uncooperative Wi-Fi Access Points.

Berthold K P Horn¹

¹Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New Wi-Fi localization methods enable indoor positioning using legacy access points. This one-sided round-trip time approach offers 3-4 m accuracy, expanding localization capabilities for older infrastructure.

Keywords:

Bayesian grid FTM IEEE 802.11-2016 IEEE 802.11mc fine timing measurement indoor location indoor position observation model one-sided RTT relative permittivity round-trip time transition model two-sided RTT uncooperative AP

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Published on: May 2, 2018

Area of Science:

Wireless communication
Indoor localization technologies
Wi-Fi sensing

Background:

Two-sided Fine Time Measurement (FTM) Round-Trip Time (RTT) using IEEE 802.11-2016 provides 1-2 m indoor localization accuracy.
Limited adoption of IEEE 802.11-2016 compliant access points (APs) hinders widespread deployment, especially in institutional settings.
Android 12 introduced a one-sided RTT method compatible with legacy APs, enabling broader accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate and evaluate indoor localization using one-sided RTT with legacy Wi-Fi APs.
To assess the accuracy and challenges of one-sided RTT compared to two-sided RTT.
To develop methods for improving accuracy and managing measurement offsets in one-sided RTT systems.

Main Methods:

Utilized one-sided RTT measurements from legacy Wi-Fi APs for indoor positioning.
Employed Bayesian grid update for position and accuracy determination, adapting the observation model for one-sided RTT.
Developed techniques for estimating and subtracting large offsets caused by signal turn-around time.

Main Results:

Achieved 3-4 m accuracy in cluttered environments with limited line-of-sight using 20 MHz bandwidth.
Demonstrated that increased accessibility of legacy APs can compensate for lower individual measurement accuracy.
Observed wider measurement ranges and significant offsets (2400-2700 m) due to the ~16 μs turn-around time.

Conclusions:

One-sided RTT offers a viable, albeit less accurate, alternative for indoor localization with legacy Wi-Fi infrastructure.
The developed methods for offset estimation and observation modeling are crucial for practical one-sided RTT deployment.
Wider channel bandwidths hold potential for further improving one-sided RTT accuracy.