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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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SARS-CoV-2 triggering autoimmune diseases.

Leila Mobasheri1, Mohammad Hossein Nasirpour2, Elham Masoumi3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

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|April 23, 2022
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Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can trigger autoimmune responses through mechanisms like molecular mimicry and inflammation, leading to post-COVID-19 autoimmunity. Further research is needed to define the precise viral-immune interactions causing this loss of self-tolerance.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseaseAutoimmunityCovid-19CytokineSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Autoimmunity results from immune system hyperstimulation, often influenced by viral infections.
  • Viruses can induce autoimmunity via molecular mimicry, bystander activation, immunosuppression, and inflammation.
  • Post-COVID-19 autoimmunity has been observed, with patients developing autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immunological findings in COVID-19.
  • To examine current reports of autoimmune diseases associated with COVID-19.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may trigger autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological findings in COVID-19.
  • Analysis of reported cases of autoimmune diseases post-COVID-19.
  • Discussion of proposed mechanisms linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection dysregulates immune responses, causing hyperactivation, cytokine storms, and potentially ARDS.
  • Chronic inflammation triggered by infections can contribute to autoimmune disease development.
  • Evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 can lead to autoantibody production and loss of self-tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 can trigger autoimmune responses and diseases through various immunological mechanisms.
  • While SARS-CoV-2 is implicated, the precise molecular interactions leading to autoreactivity require further investigation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing post-COVID-19 autoimmune complications.