Nuances in the Surgical Management of Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly rising, primarily due to the increased use of imaging studies and incidentalomas. In the USA, the incidence has quadrupled. The last decades have seen remarkable advances in diagnosis and surgery for thyroid cancer. We will discuss the surgical advances in this manuscript. The American Thyroid Association and many other organizations around the world have been quite instrumental in developing the guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer, which have streamlined the treatment approaches. There have also been advances made in the management of medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer, which will be a different subject not included in this manuscript. The major surgical advances include the following: impact of molecular markers, risk group stratifications, de-escalation in surgery, nerve monitoring, and endoscopic surgery. We will discuss some of these surgical nuances in this review article.