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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Does Modulation of an Epigenetic Clock Define a Geroprotector?

Nicholas J Schork1,2, Brett Beaulieu-Jones2,3, Winnie Liang2

  • 1Department of Quantitative Medicine, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 North Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.

Advances in Geriatric Medicine and Research
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Developing effective geroprotectors to extend lifespan and prevent age-related diseases requires careful clinical trial design. Epigenetic clocks show promise as endpoints, but their complex relationship with health needs further investigation.

Keywords:
biomarkersclinical trialsepigenetic clocksgeroprotectorsthe geroscience hypothesis

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Clinical Trial Design
  • Biomarkers of Aging

Background:

  • Growing interest in interventions (geroprotectors) to enhance healthspan and lifespan.
  • Challenges exist in clinically validating the efficacy of geroprotectors.
  • Defining 'geroprotector' and appropriate trial endpoints is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Discuss key issues in designing and interpreting clinical trials for geroprotectors.
  • Evaluate the role of surrogate endpoints like epigenetic clocks.
  • Highlight the need for studies linking epigenetic clocks to disease and geroprotector efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of challenges in geroprotector clinical trial design.
  • Discussion on the definition and validation of geroprotectors.
  • Analysis of epigenetic clocks as potential surrogate endpoints.

Main Results:

  • Clinical validation of geroprotectors presents significant design and interpretation challenges.
  • Epigenetic clocks are emerging surrogate endpoints, but their relationship with health is complex.
  • Current understanding necessitates further research into epigenetic clocks and their correlation with disease processes.

Conclusions:

  • Geroprotectors must demonstrate clear health and disease prevention benefits.
  • The utility of epigenetic clocks as primary endpoints requires further scrutiny.
  • Integrated studies are essential to advance the field of aging research and geroprotection.