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Related Concept Videos

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Electroporation-Based CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in THP-1 Cells and Single-Cell Clone Isolation
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CRISPR memories in single cells.

Anke Sparmann1, Chase L Beisel1,2

  • 1Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany.

Molecular Systems Biology
|April 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems to remember and fight past infections. New research tracks this bacterial immunity at the single-cell level, revealing diverse defense dynamics within cell populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in bacteria against invading genetic elements.
  • Previous research focused on population-level CRISPR-Cas mechanisms, with limited understanding of single-cell responses.
  • Bacterial adaptive immunity is crucial for understanding microbial evolution and host-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate CRISPR-Cas mediated memory acquisition and defense dynamics at the single-cell level.
  • To characterize the heterogeneity in temporal responses to infection within a bacterial population.
  • To elucidate the role of single-cell variations in population-level immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized live-cell imaging to track CRISPR-Cas memory formation and defense in individual bacterial cells.
  • Employed time-lapse microscopy to observe cellular responses during repeated phage infections.
  • Analyzed single-cell data to identify variations in defense timing and efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant heterogeneity in the timing of CRISPR-Cas memory acquisition among individual cells.
  • Observed a wide range of defense effectiveness and duration at the single-cell level.
  • Identified distinct temporal patterns of infection response that influence population-level immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell dynamics play a critical role in shaping the overall effectiveness of bacterial CRISPR-Cas immunity.
  • Understanding cellular heterogeneity is essential for a comprehensive view of bacterial adaptive defense strategies.
  • Future research should consider single-cell approaches to fully unravel CRISPR-Cas system functionality.