Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 25, 2025
Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
Published on: April 25, 2014
Outcomes and Resource Utilization in Patients Hospitalized with Gastrointestinal Bleeding Complicated by Types 1 and
Salik Nazir1, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas2, Matt Deshotels3
1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio.
Insights
Myocardial infarction (MI) types 1 and 2 significantly increase mortality and resource use in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). This study highlights the critical impact of MI on GIB patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Gastroenterology
- Health Services Research
Background:
- Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) can be complicated by myocardial infarction (MI), specifically Type 1 (due to coronary occlusion) and Type 2 (due to demand ischemia).
- Contemporary data on the prevalence and impact of these MI types in GIB patients are limited.
- Understanding these associations is crucial for managing GIB patients effectively.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 MI in patients hospitalized with GIB.
- To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of Type 1 and Type 2 MI on GIB patient outcomes.
- To compare resource utilization and readmission rates between GIB patients with and without MI.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the 2018 Nationwide Readmission Database to identify patients hospitalized for GIB.
- Included patients with concomitant diagnoses of Type 1 or Type 2 MI.
- Compared baseline characteristics, in-hospital mortality, resource utilization, and 30-day readmissions across patient groups.
Main Results:
- Of 381,867 GIB hospitalizations, 0.75% had Type 1 MI and 1.0% had Type 2 MI.
- Both MI types were linked to significantly higher in-hospital mortality (aORs 4.72 and 2.17, respectively).
- MI types were associated with increased nursing facility discharge, longer stays, higher costs, and more 30-day readmissions.
Conclusions:
- Type 1 and Type 2 MI are significant complications in patients hospitalized with GIB.
- These MI types are independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality.
- MI in GIB patients leads to greater resource utilization and higher readmission rates.
Background:
Types 1 and 2 myocardial infarction (MI) may occur in the setting of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). There is a paucity of data pertinent to the contemporary prevalence and impact of types 1 and 2 MI following GIB. We examined clinical profiles and the prognostic impact of both MI types on outcomes of patients hospitalized with GIB.
Methods:
The 2018 Nationwide Readmission Database was queried for patients hospitalized for the primary diagnosis of GIB and had concomitant diagnoses of type 1 or type 2 MI. Baseline characteristics, in-hospital mortality, resource utilization, and 30-day all-cause readmissions were compared among groups.
Results:
Of 381,867 primary GIB hospitalizations, 2902 (0.75%) had type 1 MI and 3963 (1.0%) had type 2 MI. GIB patients with type 1 and type 2 MI had significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared to their counterparts without MI (adjusted odds ratios [aOR]: 4.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.43-6.48; and aOR: 2.17, 95% CI 1.48-3.16, respectively). Both types 1 and 2 MI were associated with higher rates of discharge to a nursing facility (aOR of type 1 vs. no MI: 1.65, 95% CI 1.45-1.89, and aOR of type 2 vs no MI: 1.37, 95% CI 1.22-1.54), longer length of stay, higher hospital costs, and more 30-day all-cause readmissions (aOR of type 1 vs no MI: 1.22, 95% CI 1.08-1.38; aOR of type 2 vs no MI: 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30).
Conclusion:
Types 1 and 2 MI are associated with higher in-hospital mortality and resource utilization among patients hospitalized with GIB in the United States.
More Related Videos
14:19Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Published on: October 14, 2016
05:41Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Ligation for Ischemia-Reperfusion Research: Model Improvement via Technical Modifications and Quality Control
Published on: December 16, 2022
Related Concept Videos
01:28Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care
01:28Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
01:20Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
01:30Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies
01:20Angina V: Nursing Management
01:14Myocarditis III: Medical Management