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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions

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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
142
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

306
During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
306
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

139
A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
139
Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

348
Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
348
Leveling Equipment01:18

Leveling Equipment

157
As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...
157
Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

94
To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
16:11

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Published on: April 26, 2014

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Interferometric technique with a reference scale.

A V Postnikov

    Applied Optics
    |April 26, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a double interferometer for precise measurements, overcoming 2π ambiguity with a simple phase unwrapping method. The technique achieves 1 nm accuracy, unaffected by laser power drift or detector gain variations.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Interferometry
    • Surface Profilometry

    Background:

    • Traditional interferometry faces challenges with 2π ambiguity, limiting measurement accuracy.
    • Phase unwrapping in interferometric measurements can be complex and computationally intensive.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel double interferometer technique for high-accuracy metrology.
    • To overcome the 2π ambiguity inherent in phase-based measurements.
    • To demonstrate a simple and robust phase unwrapping procedure.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a double interferometer setup with one interferometer for a reference scale and the other as a measuring tool.
    • Monitoring phase difference at short time or space intervals to resolve 2π ambiguity.
    • Employing a homodyne reference scale time interval method for straightforward phase unwrapping.

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    Main Results:

    • Achieved an accuracy of 1 nm in measurements.
    • Demonstrated system robustness against laser power drift and unequal photodetector gain.
    • Successfully applied the method for determining the profile of a curved surface.

    Conclusions:

    • The double interferometer technique offers a simple and accurate solution for overcoming 2π ambiguity.
    • The method is reliable and unaffected by common environmental and instrumental variations.
    • Potential for enhanced precision with high-resolution time interval analyzers and broad applications in surface metrology.